The Early Tempests

John R. Schuerman

This writing is intended to review what is known (or at least what I know) about the early Tempests of Bracewell, later of Waddington and Broughton as well. The Tempests are ancestors of Peter Worden, the New England immigrant (d. 1638 in Yarmouth, Massachusetts).

I take as my framework a manuscript by Eleanor Blanche Tempest, Tempest Pedigrees, in the British Library (Add. Ms. 40670, referenced below as "EBT"). Mrs. Tempest was the wife of Arthur Cecil Tempest who held the Tempest estate at Broughton as a direct male descendant of the earliest Tempests. Douglas Hickling and I discussed Mrs. Tempest and this manuscript in more detail in an article posted at http://www.medievalgenealogy.org.uk/families/tempest/index.shtml. Mrs. Tempest died in 1928. The British Library manuscript is a large folio document of 22 sheets, in which the text area of each sheet is about 24 by 20 inches. It is written in small black script, with citations in red ink and various coats of arms scattered about, in color. The sheets are crammed with information about the early Tempests, with meticulous documentation. The material I consider below comes primarily from the first sheet, labeled "Bracewell Sheet I." Later in the document is a sheet labeled "Broughton Sheet I" which contains similar material, though less detailed, and a few items not found on the first sheet.

A grandson of Arthur and Eleanor, Henry Tempest, lives today on the family estate, Broughton Hall, near Skipton, North Yorkshire. In the Autumn of 2007 I had the privilege of spending three days at Broughton Hall, at the invitation of Henry and his wife Janet. During that time I was able to examine EBT's notes for her manuscript, together with other muniments preserved there. EBT had agents in London and Oxford who provided her with transcripts and translations of materials in the Public Record Office in London and in the Dodsworth manuscripts at the Bodleian Library at Oxford University. These transcripts and translations are in EBT's notes at Broughton. Henry Tempest was kind enough to allow me to photograph several hundred pages of these notes, which I have made use of in the following. I am indebted to Chris Phillips for translating and interpreting several of these notes (in the following I reference material found in her notes as "EBT notes"). [1]

Much of the following compares EBT with data in Early Yorkshire Charters (abbreviated below as EYC) particularly volume 7 (1947), edited by Charles T. Clay [2]. As I describe below there are discrepancies between EBT and Clay in the dating of the early Tempests (Clay showing them later than does EBT) and part of the task here is to explore those discrepancies and suggest a resolution of them.

Other works of importance in the following are Dugdale's Monasticon Anglicanum (referenced below as Mon. Angl., references are to the six volumes in eight edition of 1846, edited by Caley, Ellis, and Bandinel which may be found online at https://arts.st-andrews.ac.uk/monasticmatrix/bibliographia/monasticon-anglicanum-history-abbies-and-other-monasteries-hospitals-frieries-and) and various primary and quasi-primary (transcriptions or calendars of original manuscripts) sources. A frequent source for all of these texts is the Dodsworth manuscripts at the Bodleian Library, which have Dodsworth's transcriptions of charters and other documents that are now lost, along with his sketches of pedigrees based on those documents. I have consulted some of the Dodsworth manuscripts cited and others are found in EBT's notes at Broughton Hall. Other frequent references in the following are the Assize Rolls and De Banco Rolls, a few of which I or Chris Phillips on my behalf have consulted in the originals and a few more of which can be found in printed sources. Copies of the other Assize and De Banco Roll entries are in EBT's notes. [3]

The descent of the early Tempests as found in EBT is as follows (the numbering of individuals with the same given name is mine), together with "born say" dates as suggested by EBT:

Roger Tempest I, born say 1098
Richard Tempest I, born say 1124
Roger Tempest II, born say 1149, d. before November 1220 = Alice de Rilleston
Richard Tempest II, born say 1174
Sir Richard Tempest III, born say 1201
Sir Roger Tempest III, born say 1226, d. between 12 November 1287 and June 1288 = Alice de Waddington
Richard Tempest IV, born say 1250, d. 29 September 1297
Sir John Tempest, b. 24 August 1283, d. after 25 June 1356

Clay shows a similar sequence, with the notable exception of one Richard in place of EBT's Richard II and Richard III (this makes EBT's Richard IV Clay's Richard III). Clay generally does not hazard guesses as to birthdates but he appears to place the individuals from Roger I through Richard II somewhat later than EBT. As discussed below, I believe Clay is more likely to be correct in these matters.

Other pedigrees of the Tempests are to be found in a number of places. Several Burke's pedigrees appear to be based on EBT (those in Landed Gentry, 1972, p. 885-86 and Peerage and Baronetage, v. 2, 2003, p. 2385 are identical to EBT up to John while that in Family Records, 1897, pp. 582-583 has two Rogers in the place of Roger II above). Other pedigrees are in R. Surtees, History and Antiquities of Durham, v. 2, 1820, p. 329; Thomas Whitaker, History and Antiquities of the Deanery of Craven in the County of York, A. W. Morant editor of the 3rd edition, 1878; Joseph Foster, The County Families of Yorkshire, 1874; and Ralph Thoresby, Ducatus Leodiensis, 1715, p. 204-05 (online Eighteenth Century Collections), all of which are deficient in some respects.

The earliest pedigree I know of is found in Dodsworth's MS 6, fol. 53 which was written in about 1647 and which I have examined. This Dodsworth MS was the basis of a pedigree in Harleian 6136 (in the British Library) which in turn was the basis of Surtees' pedigree (above), and others widely quoted. These pedigrees cannot be trusted.

As may be seen above, all of the early Tempests were named either Roger or Richard, and sometimes they had brothers named Roger or Richard, which sometimes makes it difficult to assign evidences to particular individuals. Generally, the assignments made by EBT seem to make sense, but in a few instances noted below, I have suggested other assignments.

The first Tempest of which we have any knowledge is Roger. No Tempest appears in Domesday Book, although Bracewell does. In his untrustworthy History of Yorkshire: Wapentake of Gilling West (1879), Marshal General Henry de Strabolgie Neville Plantagenet-Harrison [4] claims that Roger's father was Archil, the pre-conquest lord of Bracewell, but this is highly unlikely. The Tempests probably came from Normandy after the conquest. EBT speculates that Roger's father came with either the Meschines or de Rumellis (who do appear in Domesday).

The Tempests were closely associated with the Meschines and de Rumellis. William Meschine and his wife, Cecilia de Rumelli (d. 1151-55), both held substantial lands, hers including holdings in Skipton, Yorkshire, inherited from her father, Robert (EYC, v. 7 (1947), pp. v-vi, 1-6; also Keats-Rohan, Domesday Descendants, pp. 674-75). In 1120 Cecilia, with her husband, founded the priory of Embsay (Burton, Monasticon Eboracense, p. 115, this volume does not have the actual charters, referencing Mon. Angl. and other sources), a little east of Skipton, and contributed lands to a number of other religious houses, including St. Bees Priory, Fountains Abbey, and Pontefract Abbey. Cecilia de Rumelli married secondly Henry de Tracy not earlier than 1135 (EYC, v. 7, p. 59). The priory of Embsay was moved a few miles east to Bolton by Cecilia's daughter, Alice (d. before Michaelmas 1187), in 1155 (EYC, v. 7, p. 65), where it eventually became Bolton Abbey. Some sources show Roger Tempest as the founder of Embsay or Bolton Abbey, but that is clearly mistaken. Alice's first husband was William fitz Duncan, the son of King Duncan II of Scotland and the nephew of Duncan's successor, King David. Alice took her mother's last name [5]. The early Tempests frequently attested charters of the Rumellis and Meschines. To my knowledge, there was no intermarriage between the Tempests and the Rumellis or Meschines, although Peter Worden is descended from Ralph le Meschine III, Earl of Chester, William's brother, through another line.

Roger Tempest I. EBT says that Roger was "born, say 1098." The accuracy of that estimate is of some import in what follows. Her first notice of him is as a witness to "the charter by which Cecilia de Rumelli and William de Meschines, her husband, founded the monastery for Augustinian Canons at Embsay, near Skipton-in-Craven" in 1120. She cites Dodsworth 118, fol. 145d, which she represents as a copy of the charter. I have obtained a copy of this folio from the Bodleian Library (Dodsw. 118, f. 145v) [6]. Unfortunately, it is a summary, not a copy of the charter and in fact it may be a summary of a memorandum of the gift, rather than of the charter itself. I am grateful to Chris Phillips for transcribing and translating the document, which is found in Appendix 1.

I have not found this document in any other source, most notably EYC and Mon. Angl. [7] Parts of this document repeat some of the language in the first item on Embsay in Mon. Angl. (v. 6, p. 203, no. 1) which is a memorandum of the foundation of Embsay said by Dugdale to be "ex vet. membrane in turri beatae Mariae Ebor. an. 1120." I assume that it is on the basis of the Dodsworth MS that EBT estimates Roger's birth as about 1098. EYC (v. 7, pp. 50-55) and Mon. Angl. (v. 6, pp. 79, 203) do not have the actual charter by which Cecilia and William founded Embsay. They do have a confirmation by King Henry I to Huntingdon priory (thought by Clay to be a device for the founding of Embsay, since the latter was a cell of Huntingdon), dated (by Clay) 1126-27 or 1130, and a memorandum by William and Cecilia of a gift to Embsay, dated by Clay 1120-1135 (EYC, v. 7, p. 53, no. 2) [8].

The next notice of Roger Tempest in EBT is as a witness to a grant from Cecilia de Rumelli of the vill and mill of Kildwick to the Canons of Embsay (Mon. Angl. v. 6, p. 203, number 3). The witness list includes William de Arches and Simon son of Gospatric, found on the earlier witness list, as well as many others. Neither EBT nor Dugdale date this charter, but it is transcribed in EYC (v. 7, pp. 58-59, number 9) where Clay says that it was between 1135 and 1154, most likely 1151-53. EYC shows confirmations by Henry de Tracy and his wife Cecilia of grants of the priory of Kildwick and also the mill and its soke to Embsay priory which it dates 1135-54, both of which grants were witnessed by Roger Tempest (v. 7, p. 59, nos. 10 & 11; no. 11 is in Mon. Angl. v. 6, p. 204, no. 8).

Further grants in EYC (v. 7) on which Roger Tempest was a witness during this period are shown in Appendix 2.

EBT cites charters of about 1155 from Alice de Rumelli, in her pure widowhood, witnessed by Roger Tempest (Register of St. Bees Priory, Surtees Society volume 126, p. 40-44, numbers 12 & 13). EYC (v. 11, p. 137, from Dodsw. 144, f. 50) shows a charter by Robert son of Malger to Embsay priory, which it dates before 1155 and which was witnessed by Roger Tempest. And Roger, with his brother Richard, witnessed a grant from Alice de Rumelli to St. John of Pontefract of a carucate of land in Broughton (Chartulary of St. John of Pontefract, YASRS v. 30, p. 477, number 396). The entry in the Chartulary says this was circa 1156, but EBT notes a carucate of land in Broughton to Pontefract was confirmed by Henry II January 1154-55 (YASRS, v. 25 (v. 1 of the Pontefract Chartulary), pp. 100 & 105, numbers 71 & 73), presumably the same carucate.

In 1166-67 in the return for aid for the marriage of Henry II's daughter Maud, a Roger Tempest held 3 carucates and 2 bovates in the Skipton Fee by new feoffment (since the end of the reign of Henry I) (Red Book of the Exchequer [Hall's edition], v. 99 of the Rolls Series, v. 1, p. 431; EYC reports this return, v. 7, pp. 94-95, from Liber Niger Scaccarii, ed. Hearne, p. 322, which Clay claims is a better text than that in the Red Book). At one point, EBT identifies this Roger as Roger I (Broughton sheet I) but at another point she says it might have been his grandson, Roger II (see below). Burke's Landed Gentry (1939) says this Roger is Roger II. Clay, in EYC, v. 7, p. 245, note 1 complained about this Landed Gentry pedigree (attributing it to Whitaker, Craven, 3rd ed., pedigree facing p. 96, but I believe it is likely due to EBT) saying that there was "no reason to suppose that there were two men named Roger Tempest successively holding the Tempest fee in the period 1135-68." Clay is likely right, but this is not an issue that is problematic for the following.

But there are other difficulties here. As will be noted from the above, there are discrepancies between EBT and Clay in the dates of charters witnessed by Roger Tempest. Most importantly, Clay says that no Roger Tempest occurs as a witness to the earliest charters of Cecilia de Rumilli (p. 245, note 1) while EBT cites the Dodsworth summary of the charter establishing Embsay Priory in 1120 which purports to show Roger Tempest as a witness. So EBT has her first notice of Roger in 1120, while Clay has the first notice of him not earlier than 1135 and probably 1151 (this is EBT's next notice of Roger after 1120, so there is a considerable time lapse between EBT's first two notices of Roger) [9]. After that, Roger is seen in several documents at least until 1166 [10]. Although he does not suggest a birthdate for Roger, Clay clearly puts him later in the 12th Century than does EBT. This affects the dating of subsequent generations as we will see below.

So a lot rides on the veracity of Dodsworth's summary of the founding charter and his list of witnesses to that charter and questions can be raised about its authenticity. The fact that it is in the third person and that it has similar wording to the memorandum in Mon. Angl. suggests that it may be a summary of a memorandum, rather than of the grant itself. A memorandum would not ordinarily have witnesses. Furthermore, Chris Phillips has suggested that the witness list for the 1120 document may have come from some other, later, charter, noting that three of the witnesses in 1120 were on the witness list for the grant of Kildwick, much later, and it is unlikely that the same three witnesses would be seen on charters as much as 30 years apart (however, the witness list for Dodsworth's 1120 charter is not exactly the same as any other known charter, they all appear on later charters, but not all together). These considerations create some doubt regarding the Dodsworth 1120 manuscript and the resulting dating of the first Roger Tempest, suggesting that he may have been born some 20 years or more after 1100. There is at Broughton Hall a paper by Katie Grant (nee Towneley), faxed 10 Oct 1997, which conforms to this later dating, although Grant errs in asserting that the foundation charter for Embsay Priory exists today.

Richard Tempest I. EBT says that Roger's son, Richard I, was "born say 1124." She cites a grant from Alice de Rumelli (Cecelia's daughter) to Edulf de Kilnsey of land in Appletreewick, witnessed by Roger Tempest and his son, Richard ("Rog Temp et Ric filio eius"). This grant may be found in EYC (v. 7, p. 72, number 26, see above) [11]. EBT dates this grant circa 1156, while Clay dates it as 1166-75. She also cites two other grants witnessed by Richard, both of which are also found in EYC. The first is a grant by Alice de Rumelli of the Silsden mill to Bolton priory (EYC, v. 7, p. 70, no. 22, from Dodsw. 9, f. 220d and Dodsw. 144, f. 3). EBT says this grant is circa 1156, while Clay says it is 1155-87, probably later in that period. The second charter is a confirmation by Alexander son of Gerold of a gift by Edulf de Kilnsey and his sons to Fountains Abbey, the original grant having been made 8 April 1174 (EYC, v. 7, pp. 188-191 for original grants). Clay (EYC, v. 7, pp. 73-74, from Fountains Chartulary, Add. MS. 37770 (British Library), f. 116d) dates the confirmation 1174-78 [12].

Again, there is a discrepancy between EBT and Clay in dating Richard I. Although Clay does not hazard a guess as to Richard's birthdate, he seems to place him somewhat later in the 12th Century than does EBT. If his father was born later than 1120 and given that the first notice of him is probably not earlier than 1166, it may be that a birthdate of the early 1140s is more likely. EBT does not suggest a death date for Richard but Clay notes (EYC, v. 7, p. 245) that Richard's son, Roger II, may have succeeded by 1192 (see below), suggesting a death date for Richard earlier than that.

Roger Tempest II. EBT says that Roger Tempest II was "born say 1149." I do not find definitive evidence that Roger II was the son of Richard, but it seems likely. Clay (EYC, v. 7, p. 245) says "Richard was probably the father of Roger Tempest II." Roger's widow, Alice, held land in Bracewell (see Appendix), presumably part of the land in the Skipton Fee held by his grandfather as noted in the return of 1166-67. EBT cites a record of Roger Tempest paying one-half mark for unjust disseisin at Michaelmas 1168 (Pipe Roll Society, v. 12, 14 Henry II, p. 85), but Clay (EYC, v. 7, p. 245) attributes, correctly in my view, this record to the first Roger Tempest. EYC shows a charter attested by Roger Tempest in 1192 (v. 7, pp. 174-75, number 106), this charter is not cited by EBT. Clay (EYC, v. 7, p. 245) suggests this may indicate that he succeeded by then.

Both EBT and Clay (EYC, v. 7, p. 245) cite a fine imposed on Roger Tempest of 26s 8d for forest trespass in 1209 (Pipe Roll Society, n.s. v. 24, p. 123, 11 John) and EBT cites a record of two marks paid by Roger Tempest in 1210-11 (Pipe Roll Society, n.s. v. 26, p. 157, 12 John). EBT cites a grant by William de Marton to the Canons of Bolton of land in Thoreldby (Thorlby) and a gift by Peter de Marton his son (Dodsw. v. 83, ff. 39d and 40, translation in EBT notes), both witnessed by Roger. She gives no dates for these instruments. Clay (EYC, v. 7, p. 243) references these grants but does not provide their texts or witness lists. Clay suggests that they occurred after a previous grant dated ante 1208. Clay shows another grant by Peter Marton to which Roger was a witness in "early 13th Century" (EYC, v. 7, p. 242, no. 156, from Dodsw. 83, f. 20, translation in EBT notes, undated).

With regard to Roger's date of death, EBT cites Curia Regis Roll, Mich. 5 Henry 3, m. 2 (1221) [13]. Chris Phillips has examined this document at the National Archives. It records the failure of Richard Tempest, presumably Roger's son, to attend a proceeding in which Richard was sued by the Abbot of Kirkstall in a plea of darrein presentment [14]. EBT apparently concluded from this that Roger was dead at that time. So Roger probably died between 1210 and November 1221.

Roger's wife was Alice, daughter of Elias de Rilleston. Both EBT and Clay (EYC, v. 7, pp. 164-65) show proof for this relationship. The evidence begins with a confirmation by Roger and Alice's son, Richard II, of a gift of land in Threpland by Alice, his mother, to Robert de Steeton in marriage with Agnes his aunt (EYC, v. 7, p. 164, number 102 from Dodsw. 83, f. 14). EBT dates this document before 1222-23 while Clay says it is circa 1218-20 (it is not clear whether Alice was a widow at the time of the original grant but she clearly was at the time of the confirmation which, if Clay's dating is correct, would mean Roger died before 1220). EBT says that Dodsworth 83, f. 14d shows that Alice had land in Threpland by gift of her father Elias de Rilleston which Eustace de Rilleston, grandson of Elias released all title to (this grant is found in EBT's notes, Richard Tempest, presumably Roger's son, was a witness). Clay says that Dodsworth 83, f. 18 has an agreement dated Martinmas 1235 between Marton priory and Robert de Steeton and his heirs by Agnes, daughter of Elias de Rilleston, relating to lands in Crakhow and Threpland (this agreement is found in EBT's notes). Both EBT and Clay (EYC, v. 7, p. 165, number 103) show a grant by Alice, daughter of Elias de Rilston, in her widowhood to Furness abbey of the homage and service of Robert de Steeton, which Clay dates to 1219-32 (abstract in 36th Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, appendix 1, p. 182).

Other evidences of Roger Tempest II from EYC are shown in Appendix 2.

As before, there is question about EBT's dating of Roger II. The earliest evidence of him is in 1192 and I have suggested above that his father might have been born in the early 1140s. Clay has a discussion of the Rileston family (EYC, v. 7, pp. 264-66) that is of relevance here. Alice and Agnes were the daughters of Elias de Rileston I and had at least two brothers, Elias II and Walter, and may have had two others, Eustace and Henry. According to Clay, Elias II died ante 1228. Elias II had a son, Eustace de Rileston II for which Clay provides rather definite dates, born 1207-10, died 1257-58. The birth order of the children of Eilas I is not known, but the fact that Alice's nephew was born 1207-10 suggests that Alice and Roger Tempest II were probably born not earlier than, say, 1160.

Richard Tempest II. EBT says he was "born say 1174." I believe he was born somewhat later, but not later than 1198. Richard's confirmation of his mother's grant to Robert de Steeton in 1218-1223 has been noted above and demonstrates his parentage. EBT cites a gift by Mauger le Vavasour to Robert his son of land in Elslack (Collectanea et Genealogica v. 6, p. 126) witnessed by Richard Tempest, which she dates as circa 1210 and which Clay (EYC, v. 7, p. 220, number 143) says is ante Michaelmas 1219. As noted above, in November 1221 Richard was sued by the Abbot of Kirkstall in a plea of darrein presentment. In June 1222 Richard Tempest was involved again in an action with the Abbot of Kirkstall concerning the advowson of Bracewell (she cites Curia Regis R. 81 Trin. 6 Henry 3, m. 8, this is in the Cal. Cur. Reg. R., v. 10, p. 309). EBT cites a charter for which she does not give a date in which "Ricardus filius Rogeri Tempest de Bracewell" released to the Abbot and Convent of Kirkstall the interest he had in the church and advowson of Bracewell (Dodsw. 8, f. 28, this is in Mon. Angl., v. 5, p. 535 and EYC, v. 7, p. 246 where it is dated 1222 or shortly after). Finally, EBT cites an undated charter in which Richard, son of Roger Tempest of Bracewell quitclaimed to Robert de Hackhouse & William his son, all services due to his mill of Bracewell on the land they acquired of him in the vill of Stock (Dodsw. 155. f. 164, in EBT notes) [15].

EYC, v. 7, has a number of other grants in which Richard Tempest was a witness in the same time period as the above, as shown in Appendix 2.

At this point a considerable divergence occurs between EBT and Clay. EBT shows two Richard Tempests, that is, Sir Richard Tempest (III) as son of Richard II, with Richard III "born say 1201." Clay shows only one Richard, the father of Roger III, and complains (v. 7, p. 245) that Burke's pedigree (Landed Gentry, 1939) shows two (probably following EBT), "but for this there seems a chronological difficulty and in the absence of documentary evidence it is supposed in the account given above that there was only one [Richard]." I consider the possible chronological difficulty further below.

EBT's first notice of the Sir Richard Tempest III is in 1237 when he paid a mark to the treasury for default (Pipe Roll No. 81, York, 21 Henry 3; this is probably E372/81 at the National Archives, the corresponding Chancellor's roll is E352/30, EBT notes). He was a knight by April 1246, when he was one of four knights sent to receive the oath of a sick man (Assize Ro. 1045 Easter 30 H. 3, m. 12 [or 13b], EBT notes). In November 1251, he was a knight on a Grand Assize (EBT cites Coram Rege Ro. 88 Mich 35-36 H. 3. m 30; noted also in EYC, v. 7, p. 245, citing YASRS, v. 44, p. 60). Richard appears to have been a very busy man at these assizes, as there are several notices of him there (see Appendix 2). In one suit, Richard was a defendant in an action brought by Richard de Tong for land in Stock (next to Bracewell) (Coram Rege Ro. 88 Mich 35-6 H. 3, m. 28, EBT notes). There are further references to this dispute in the same roll (mm. 35, 60d, EBT notes). The final settlement of the dispute (20 January 1251-52) may be found in Feet of Fines for Yorkshire, YASRS, Vol. 82, p. 62 and footnote there referencing Assize Roll 1046, m. 60d. This dispute is noted in EYC (v. 7, p. 245, and v. 3, p. 390).

There is then an entry in Curia Regis Rolls, v. 19, p. 289 for Hilary Term, 34 Henry III (1250). There are two copies of this roll, rolls 137 and 138, which are generally the same but occasionally differ. For this action, roll 137 lists witnesses including "Ricardum Tempest Ricardum filium Ricardi" while roll 138 lists them as "Ricardum Tempest Roberto filium Ricardi." It is tempting to interpret the second Richard or Robert as a son of Richard Tempest, and then discount "Roberto," thereby concluding this is evidence of two Richard Tempests. But, although Richard Tempest immediately precedes, it is not clear that "Ricardum/Roberto filium Ricardi" means Richard/Robert son of Richard Tempest.

Richard Tempest witnessed other grants, etc., up until about 1256 or 1258. It is not known when he died. In January 1267/68 his son Roger was described as chief lord of Waddington, but this may not indicate he had succeeded his father by then, since his father is not known to have had that designation. Clay (EYC, v. 7, pp. 245, 207) believes Roger succeeded before 1272-73, probably before 13 June 1268 when Roger was a witness (citing but not reproducing Dodsw. 144, f. 34d). However, note that EBT identifies an instance of Roger witnessing a grant before July 1247 (see below) when Richard was clearly alive, so it is evident that witnessing a grant does not indicate succession. It seems likely that Richard died between 1256 and 1268.

Other evidences of Richard Tempest are shown in Appendix 2.

I return to the question of whether there were one or two Richards during this period, claimed by EBT and disputed by Clay in EYC v. 7. If one accepts EBT's "born say" dates, it is quite plausible that there were two Richards, in fact quite likely. These dates bound generations that are 23-27 years apart. The earliest birthdate that we know with some certainty is Sir John Tempest, born 24 August 1283 (see below). If, however, the generations before the Sir Richard Tempest III that EBT has "born say 1201" were 20 or more years later, as suggested above, it would make it unlikely that there were two Richards.

Sir Roger Tempest III. EBT says he was "born say 1226." The first notice of Roger identified by EBT is dated by her before 6 July 1247 when he was witness to a grant of the manor of Elslack (next to Bracewell) by Nicholas Ward to William of York (William of Ebor.), Provost of Beverley (Collect. Topo. et Geneal. Vol 6. p. 132. No T 18). She dates this from the time William of York was appointed Bishop of Salisbury (her citation is the Dictionary of National Biography; the current online edition of DNB says he was elected Bishop of Salisbury 8 December 1246, receiving his temporalities in 1247). If this reference is to Roger III, it would suggest that he was born not later than 1226. However, the next reference to him is 20 years later, so perhaps the reference to Roger is to an earlier Roger Tempest, maybe a brother of Roger III's father, Richard.

At the York assizes in January 1267/68 Roger Tempest was described as chief lord of Waddington ("capital' dni' feodi'") (Assize Ro. 1050 52 H. 3. m 61d, EBT notes) and played a role in actions at that assize (see Appendix 2). In 1272 in an inquest for knights' fees, Roger Tempest of Bracewell held "vj et dim carucates" and "ij bovates," that is, 3 carucates in Stock and Bracewell, 1 carucate in Keighley, 1 carucate in Lacock, 1 carucate in Rilleston, and 7 bovates in Skipton (Yorkshire Deeds, v. 1, v. 39 of YASRS, p. 34). In 1276 Roger Tempest contributed to the crusades (Archbishop Gifford's Register, Surtees Soc v. 109, p. 284, I cannot verify the date from this entry but Gifford was Archbishop of York from 1266-79). In 1278/79 Dominus Roger Tempest was a witness to a charter, leading EBT to believe that he was knighted about that time (Dodsw. 155, f. 166, not seen). In October 1283 the fees assigned to the Queen mother Eleanor in the Skipton fee in lieu of Richmond fees included one knight's fee held by four individuals, including Roger Tempest (Cal. Pat. Ro. Ed. 1, 1281-92. p. 88). Kirkby's Inquest of 1284-85 (Surtees Soc. v. 49) records land held by Roger in Bracewell, Stock, and Waddington (see Appendix 2) while in 1287 an inquest showed Roger holding 6 carucates and 6 bovates of William de Fortibus [Forz], sometime earl of Albermarle [Aumale] (CIPM v. 4 has Addenda to v. 2, number 468 for William De Fortibus begins on p. 349, the reference to Sir Roger Tempest is on p. 352. EBT also references Escheat. Acct Extents No 1. According to DNB, William de Forz died 23 May 1260).

There are many other evidences of Sir Roger between 1266 and 1286 (see Appendix 2). EBT believes he died between 12 November 1287 when he was sworn on a jury (De Banco Ro. 69, Mich. 15-16. Ed. 1. m. 90 [16]) and June 1288 when his name on a panel for a jury (apparently a different jury) had "obiit" written over it (Ibid. m. 45d, this is CP40/69, m. 45d [17]). However, this latter date is somewhat questionable as the interlineation appears to be a later insert and is followed by an evidently later insert saying that the jury met 3 weeks from Holy Trinity, 18 Edward I (18 June 1290) suggesting an upper limit for Roger's death of that date.

Roger's wife was Alice, daughter and coheir of Walter de Waddington. She outlived Roger. EBT quotes a suit by her in October 1290 for her thirds of land in Bracewell, Stock [Stoke], Waddington, Rilleston, Skipton, and Stiveton [Steeton], identifying herself as "Alic' que fuit ux' Rog'i Tempest" (De Banco R. 88, Mich. 18-19 Ed. 1, m. 163d; this is CP40/86, the roll number has been changed from 88 to 86 [18]). Part of the case was renewed in 1298 (Ibid. Roll 127, Mich. 26 Ed. 1, m. 89d [19] and Roll 126, Trinity, 26 E 1, m. 93 [20]). This part was tried 1299 and in 1300 it was decided that she did not have dower rights to land in Steeton since her husband was not seized of that land when he married her nor thereafter (Ibid. Ro. 128, Hil. 27 Ed. 1, m. 90d [21] & Ro. 131, Trin. 27 Ed 1. m. 151 [22]). In 1298, Alice, widow of Sir Roger Tempest claimed jointure from John de Kirkby, but withdrew (De Banco Ro. 126, Trin. 26 Ed. 1, m. 93, referenced above).

Alice held dower of her grandson's estate in Bracewell and died 8 March 1301-2. EBT cites "Pipe Ro. 32 Ed. 1 and 33 Ed. 1, Escheators Accounts Ultra Trent 27-33 Ed 1 3/8 ans. 30 & 31" for these facts. The escheator's accounts are part of the Pipe Rolls and Chris Phillips has consulted the Pipe Roll for 33 Edward I (E 372/150 in the National Archives, we do not understand EBT's "3/8"). His transcription and translation of relevant entries in that Pipe Roll for 30, 31, and 32 Edward I (found in Appendix 1) appear to confirm EBT's account.

EBT questions whether Alice was an heiress of lands in Waddington since Roger Tempest is recorded as chief lord there in 1267-8 and a Walter de Waddington (presumably her father or brother) is recorded as being alive in 1276, 1277, and 1283. It is not clear how Roger became lord of Waddington. It is possible that part of it was in her dowry.

John Tempest, brother of Roger III. Attorney. Noted above and below.

Richard Tempest, brother of Roger III. See below.

Richard Tempest IV (III in EYC) EBT says he was "born say 1250." She says that he was married before 1282 referencing proof of age of his son, see below. She notes that Whitaker in his 1812 edition of the History of Craven, pp. 80-81 (this is on the pedigree facing p. 96 in the 3rd edition of 1878) says that he was "in ward" 20 Ed. 1 (1291-92) and comments that he could hardly have been in his nonage then, given his son's birthdate of August 1283 (Whitaker may have confused him with his cousin Richard, who might have been much younger). EBT's first notice of him is in June 1276, when Richard Tempest sued several men for assaulting him and William Fox at Bracewell. His attorney was his uncle, John Tempest. EBT cites De Banco Ro. 17 Trinity 4 Ed 1, m. 106. This is now roll 15, Trin. 4 Ed. I, m. 106 [23]. The suit was continued the following year (De Banco Ro. Mich. 4 & 5 Ed 1, m. 68 [24]; Hil. 5 Ed. 1, m. 59, this should be Roll 21, not available on AALT, and Mich. 5 & 6 Ed. 1, m. 74 [25]). In May 1291 Richard son of Roger Tempest brought a writ of mort d'ancestre at Appleby against Richard son of Richard Tempest (his cousin), the record not showing the property in dispute (Assize Ro. 1294. m. 15, in EBT notes). In November 1291 Richard son of Roger Tempest, Roger Tempest (possibly a brother or cousin), and Robert de Gyseburne, chaplain, as executors of the will of John Tempest (Richard's uncle) claimed a debt from Elias de Threskfeld (De Banco Ro. 91 Mich. 19-20 Ed 1. m. 167 [26]).

According to EBT, Richard died 29 September 1297 citing Escheator's Accounts Ultra Trent [John de Lythegrenes [27]] for 26 Ed 1, Pipe Ro. 30 E. 1. This is found on E 372/147 (Pipe Rolls) at the National Archives, membrane 32d, which Chris Phillips has consulted for me. The membrane concerns the accounts of John de Lithegreins for 26 Edward I and records the award on 3 January 1297/98 by King Edward I to Edmund, Earl of Cornwall of (among other things) the issues of the land of Richard Tempest of Bracewell, who held of the king in chief there (see Appendix 1 for transcription and translation). Edmund was the king's cousin, son of his uncle Richard. It is not certain that Richard Tempest died on Michaelmas (29 September). That was the date of the beginning of the Pipe Roll (the start of the fiscal year) and only 45s was paid to the king out of the £10 annual income. Assuming this amount covers the period from Richard's death to the date of the award to Earl Edmund on 3 January places Richard's death in mid-October. EBT notes that there is no mention of dower for his wife (whose identity is unknown) in the Escheator's Account, so she concludes that his wife was dead by that time. In October 1298 the executors of Richard's will were sued by the executors of the will of Laurence de Bothum for a debt of 48s (De Banco Ro. Mich. 26-27 Ed 1. m. 274 [28]) The suit appears again in 1303, when the amount claimed was 53s 4d (Ibid. Easter 33 Ed 1. m. 137 [29]).

Sir John Tempest I. This is the first Tempest for which we have a definite date of birth, 24 August 1283, known from a proof of age (see above under his father), dated October 1304, which may be found in a number of sources (CIPM v. 4, p. 171; Yorkshire Inquisitions v. 3, v. 37 of YASRS; and Cal. Genealogicum Henry II & Edward I, p. 657). I will not here provide a thorough discussion of what is known about John. Douglas Hickling and I have discussed the identification of his wife in an article to be found at http://www.medievalgenealogy.org.uk/families/tempest/index.shtml. This woman is shown in EBT and in some other pedigrees as Margaret Holland, daughter of Sir Robert Holand and Maud la Zouche. Hickling and I have shown that that is very unlikely and conclude that we do not know the identity of John's wife.

According to EBT, on 3 January 1297-98 Edward I granted his father's estates and John's wardship and marriage to Edmund, Earl of Cornwall to hold during the nonage of the heir, citing the above Escheator's Account. This entry does not refer to the heir. EBT continues: "In May 1299 the King, for £20, granted the marriage of John, son & heir of Richard Tempest to Master Thomas de Carbury alias Abbresbury (Exch. L.T.R. Memo. 26 & 27 Ed. 1 No 28. m. 68, in EBT notes). The £20 was acknowledged as paid to the exor's of the earl of Cornwall (Pipe Ro. 32 Ed. 1 m. 2d)." According to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online) Edmund, Earl of Cornwall, died shortly before 25 September 1300 so this transfer to Abbresbury occurred before his death and his executors were reimbursed after his death. Evidently Thomas de Abbresbury [30] sold the marriage to Bolton priory which in turn sold it to William Mauleverer in 1299-1300 (Bolton Priory Compotus 1287-1325, v. 154 of Yorks. Arch. Soc., 2000, pp. 101, 115). We speculate in the article cited above that William Mauleverer may have had in mind marrying John to a daughter. It is likely that this William is the William Mauleverer of Beamsley discussed in EYC (v. 7, pedigree opposite p. 115 and pp. 118-19), d. ante 1317 and who held land of Skipton castle. According to EYC he is probably the William Mauleverer who had a daughter Joan who married Richard de Fauvelthorpe. But EYC does not mention a daughter who might have married John Tempest nor have I found one elsewhere.

Acknowledgements

I am most grateful to Chris Phillips for his assistance in tracking down, transcribing, translating, and interpreting a number of original sources. I am also deeply appreciative of the comments of Chris Phillips, Doug Hickling, and Henry Tempest of Broughton Hall on previous versions of this paper.

John Schuerman may be reached at j-schuerman@uchicago.edu.

March 2008

Appendix 1 � Transcriptions and Translations by Chris Phillips

Dodsworth 118, f. 145v, regarding Roger Tempest I:

folio 1'o
[?]vi [?]haec lib' QQ

Ex libro de Bolton Abbay in custodia [?] D'ni [?] Will'mi Ingleby de Rippley arm'i

21 H 1 1120

Monasteriu' apud [?] Emnesey fundat per Will'm Meschenes et d'nam Ceciliam [insertion: [?] filia' Wm de Rumelli] dna' et hered' honoris de Skipton, In honore beate Marie [insertion: semper] virginis et S'ci Cuthb'ti pontificis a'o reg' regis Henrici filii regis Will'mi Bastardi vicesimo primo et anno pontificat' d'ni Thurstani Ebor' Archiep'o s'cdo &c Testes Bertram de Bulmer Rogerus Tempest Will'ms de Arches, Symon filius Gospatric.

Translation:

folio 1 [this refers to the first folio of the cartulary of Bolton Abbey]
[?] See book QQ

From the book of Bolton Abbey in the custody of [?] Sir [?] William Ingleby of Rippley esquire

21 H[enry] I 1120

Monastery at [?] Emnesey founded by William Meschenes and lady Cecily [insertion: daughter of William de Rumelli], his wife, lady and heir of the honour of Skipton, in honour of the blessed Mary [insertion: always] virgin and of St Cuthbert bishop in the 21st year of the reign of king Henry the son of king William the bastard and the 2nd year of the pontificate of sir Thurstan, archbishop of York, etc.
Witnesses Bertram de Bulmer, Roger Tempest, William de Arches, Simon the son of Gospatric.

[In regard to Cecilia de Rumelli's father, it should be noted that she was the daughter of Robert de Rumelli, not William (see Clay, EYC, v. 7, pp. 3-4). The reference to William is likely an insert by the compiler of the cartulary or by Dodsworth not found on the original charter.]

From Pipe Roll 33 Edward I (E372/150) Escheator's Accounts Ultra Trent, regarding Alice Waddington:

Under year 30, for York:

Et de x s' de uno mes' xxj acr' terre ix acr' p[ra]ti cu' p'tin' que Alic' que fuit ux' Rog'i Tempest tenuit in dotem de her' dc'i Rog'i in Braicewell' in dc'o com' qui ill' tenuit de Rege in cap' ab viij die marcij quo die ead' Alic' obiit usq' f'm Sc'i Mich'is p'x sequ' sic po'it' ad firma' p' idem temp'

And for 10 shillings in respect of 1 messuage, 21 acres of land, 9 acres of meadow with appurtenances which Alice who was the wife of Roger Tempest held in dower of the inheritance of the said Roger in Braicewell' in the said county, who held it of the king in chief, from the 8th day of March on which day the same Alice died until the feast of St Michael next following thus placed at farm for the same time.

Under year 31 for York:

Et de xx s' de uno mes' xxj acr' terre ix acr' p[ra]ti cu' p'tin' que Alic' que fuit ux' Rog'i Tempest tenuit in dote' de hereditate dc'i Rog'i in Braycewelle in com' Ebor' que illa tenuit de Rege in cap' et que rem' in man' R' in a'o p'ced sic po'it' ad firma' hoc a'o sic' cont' ibid'

And for 20 shillings in respect of 1 messuage, 21 acres of land, 9 acres of meadow with appurtenances which Alice who was the wife of Roger Tempest held in dower of the inheritance of the said Roger in Braycewelle in the county of York, who held it of the king in chief, and which passed into the king's hand in the preceding year thus placed at farm this year as contained in the same place.

Under year 32, York:

Et de c s' de terr' que fueru't Ric'i Tempest' in Braycewell' in eodem com' & que similit' fueru't in manib[us] p'd'co[rum] executo[rum] p[ro] debitis p'dc'is sic dimissis ad firma' p' idem temp'.

And for 100 shillings from the lands which were of Richard Tempest in Braycewell' in the same county and which similarly were in the hands of the aforesaid executors for the aforesaid debts thus demised to farm for the same time.

Chris Phillips reports: "In an earlier entry relating to lands which were of Roger de Mounbray [Mowbray], it is related that at Easter in the 32nd year (29 March 1304) the escheator by the order of the treasurer and barons of the exchequer took from the custody of the executors of Edmund, late earl of Cornwall, deceased, certain lands, which had previously been assigned to him in part satisfaction of the debts which the king owed to the earl, because by an account made to the exchequer by the executors, the debts had been satisfied."

Pipe Roll, 30 Edward I (E 372/147), Escheator's Accounts Ultra Trent for John de Lythegrenes regarding Richard Tempest IV:

Et de xlv.s'. de exit' terr' q' fu'nt' Ric'i Tempest' i' Braicewell' qui de R' ten' i' cap' ibid' & q' ad man[us] R' deuen'nt' p[er] morte' eiusd' Ric'i a p'dc'o festo sc'i Mich'is usq[ue] p'dc'm iij die' Jan' anteq' lib' p'dc'as terr' p'dc'o com' p[er] p'dc'm br'e & p'dc'am i'dentur'

And concerning 45 shillings from the issues of the lands which were of Richard Tempest in Braicewell, who held of the king in chief there, and which came to the hand of the king by the death of the same Richard, from the aforesaid feast of St Michael until the aforesaid 3 January before the delivery of the aforesaid lands to the aforesaid earl by the aforesaid writ and the aforesaid indenture.

The aforesaid earl, writ, and indenture are referenced in a number of the preceding entries, and at their first appearance are described as:

. . . Edm'o com' Cornubie p[er] br'e R' & i'dentura' int' ip'os escaetore' & com'

. . . to Edmund, earl of Cornwall. by the writ of the king and the indenture between the escheator himself and the earl.

Appendix 2

Further evidences for Roger Tempest I

From EYC, datings are from that source:

Further evidences for Roger Tempest II

From EYC:

Another evidence of Roger Tempest not in EBT or EYC:

c. 1190-1210: Roger Tempest witness (Sallay Chartulary, i. no. 94, YASRS v. 87). This may be in EBT notes, from Dodsw. 155, f. 166.

Further evidences for Richard Tempest II

From EYC, v. 7:

Evidences for Sir Richard Tempest III:

From EBT (dates are hers):

From EYC, v. 7 (shown under Richard II, other charters Richard witnessed):

Other citations:

Evidences for Sir Roger Tempest III.

From EBT:

From EYC, v. 7:

Other, not in EBT or EYC:

Additional evidences for Alice Waddington

Evidences of Richard Tempest IV:

From EBT:

From EYC, v. 7:

p. 246, note 6: probably succeeded before 2 Oct 1290 referencing Yorkshire Deeds, 3, (YASRS v. 63), no. 394, refers to Richard son of Roger Tempest, chief lord of land in Stock saying the deed was later than 1290. Note 7, referencing Pudsay Deeds (YASRS v. 56) no. 110, dated 2 Oct. 1290 and no. 115, dated 31 March 1292. Served on inquisitions 1295 & 1296 (Yorks. Inq. 3, nos. 9, 39). In 1292 William de Hartlington held land of him in Rilston (CIPM 3, no. 119, Yorks Inq. 2, no. 113). Died before 1302-03 when heir was in king's wardship.

Not in EBT or EYC:

1293-94: Yorkshire Quo Warranto Rolls 1293-1294, YASRS, v. 151, pp. 198, 228, Richard Tempest, juror.

Notes

[1] EBT made at least two copies of the Tempest Pedigrees MS. One exists at Broughton Hall and I have scanned it. It differs somewhat in wording from the version in the British Library but probably not in content. However, I have not made a detailed comparison.

[2] Clay references EBT on p. ix, but he does not appear to have consulted her MS. Some of the charters he presents were (and still are) at Broughton Hall, although none that are referenced below.

[3] Images of many of the De Banco rolls referenced below (in the category CP40 at the National Archives) are now available on the website of the Anglo-American Legal Tradition at the University of Houston Law School. This digital archive is being assembled by Robert C. Palmer and Elspeth K. Palmer and is available at aalt.law.uh.edu/aalt.html, hereafter AALT. Chris Phillips has assisted in interpreting these images. The Assize Rolls are in JUST 1 at the National Archives, for example, Assize Roll 1221 is in JUST 1/1221.

[4] A rather flamboyant and improbable elaboration of the author's birth name, Plantagenet Harrison (1817-1890). This strange individual claims to have been a general in the Mexican and Peruvian armies, a marshal-general of the Argentine army, and a general officer in the Danish, German, and Turkish armies. He was banned from the British Museum library because he claimed to be the Duke of Lancaster. He went bankrupt and was jailed, after which he worked for the Public Records Office (Modern English Biography, Frederic Boase, ed., 1892-1921, reprinted 2000). There are a number of notices of him in Notes and Queries (Oxford). A typical such entry is found in the issue for March 15, 1930, p. 193: "General Plantagenet-Harrison . . . was a pedigree forger of the worst and most unscrupulous type." The MEB entry says he sold only 20 copies of History of Yorkshire: Wapentake of Gilling West intended as a first in a multi-volume history of Yorkshire. However, according to WorldCat, several libraries in the U.S. and Britain hold this volume. He also left 30 volumes of manuscript, which, if you have time to kill, may be found at the National Archives in Kew.

[5] One of their children was William, Wordsworth's "Boy of Egremont." Legend has it that William's death as a child led Alice to her many benefactions of religious institutions. Wordsworth called him that in his poem "The White Doe of Rylstone" and recounted his tragic death in "The Force of Prayer" (printed with "The White Doe of Rylestone" in 1815). He is supposed to have died trying to jump over a stream because his dog held back on the leash. According to Wordsworth, Alice founded Bolton Abbey out of her grief over her son's death. But she had already moved Embsay to Bolton at the time of his death.

[6] The numbering of the Dodsworth manuscripts does not correspond to the order in which they were written. Dodsworth labeled them with letters, double letters, and letters in triangles and squares. They were subsequently numbered by the librarians at the Bodleian (see A Summary Catalogue of Western Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library at Oxford, v. 2, pt. 2 and Joseph Hunter, Three Catalogues; Describing the Contents of the Red Book of the Exchequer, of the Dodsworth Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library, and of the Manuscripts in the Library of the Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn). Dodsworth 118 was written between 1618 and 1622 one of the first of his some 160 manuscripts, labeled by him "B." The reference at the top of this folio to "book QQ" is a reference to Dodsworth 144, written in 1634 (so that notation has to be a later addition). A number of Dodsworth's MSS contain material on the founding of Embsay-Bolton. Dodsworth 144 is the most complete collection.

[7] However, Richard Holmes, the editor of The Chartulary of St. John of Pontefract (v. 2, (1902), Yorkshire Archaeological Society Record Series (afterwards, YASRS) v. 30, p. 412-13) says that Roger Tempest "as early as 1120 had been a witness to the foundation of Embsay" and that Roger held Bracewell sometime between 1116 and 1126. Holmes does not give evidence for these statements, it is possible that his source was EBT.

[8] The earliest charters for Embsay and Bolton do not survive. At one time, they existed in a document titled the Bolton Chartulary, parts of which were copied by Dodsworth and others and appear in various of the Dodsworth manuscripts in the Bodleian Library. Dugdale depended on these Dodsworth MSS for many of his transcriptions in Mon. Angl. Charters for a later period of Bolton Abbey do survive and have been printed in The Bolton Priory Compotus, 1286-1325, ed. by Ian Kershaw and David M. Smith, volume 154 of the Yorkshire Archaeological Society Record Series, 2000.

[9] I have not been able to date the other witnesses to the 1120 charter.

[10] Whitaker (History of Craven, 1812 ed., p. 80) says "it is absolutely certain that Roger Tempest was possessed of Bracewell temp Henry I," that is, not later than 1135. I am not clear as to what leads to this certainty.

[11] The original of this grant does survive, bound in Whitaker's own copy of The History of Craven. A facsimile of it is in EYC, v. 7, facing p. 72.

[12] EBT notes that Harrison in his History of Yorkshire claims that Richard was killed at the Battle of the Standard (1138). She adds, "authority not found," thereby wisely distancing herself from that questionable gentleman's assertion.

[13] The volume of the Calendar of Curia Regis Rolls that would be relevant here is v. 10, but it does not have mm. 1-5 of roll 78, since they were all essoins.

[14] At one point in her MS, EBT dates this document as November 1220 and at another point as November 1221. The latter date is clearly correct. EBT also says that the plea concerned "the last presentation of Bracewell Church." Bracewell Church is not mentioned in the Curia Regis entry.

[15] EBT shows Richard's wife as Elena, daughter and coheir of Richard de Tong, citing Harrison's History of Yorkshire, but says, "authority for confirming this not found yet." Elena de Tong is shown in several pedigrees as Richard's wife, presumably following EBT, but I have seen no evidence for this marriage.

[16] On AALT at http://aalt.law.uh.edu/E1/CP40no69/aCP40no69fronts/IMG_4645.JPG, line 11.

[17] On AALT at http://aalt.law.uh.edu/E1/CP40no69/bCP40no69dorses/IMG_4899.JPG, line 18, at left margin.

[18] On AALT at http://aalt.law.uh.edu/E1/CP40no86/bCP40no86dorses/IMG_0953.htm

[19] On AALT at http://aalt.law.uh.edu/E1/CP40no125/bCP40no125dorses/IMG_2792.htm [copy at the Internet Archive]

[20] On AALT at http://aalt.law.uh.edu/E1/CP40no124/aCP40no124fronts/IMG_0187.htm

[21] On AALT at http://aalt.law.uh.edu/E1/CP40no126/bCP40no126dorses/IMG_0618.htm

[22] On AALT at http://aalt.law.uh.edu/E1/CP40no129/aCP40no129fronts/IMG_0307.htm

[23] On AALT at http://aalt.law.uh.edu/E1/CP40no15/aCP40no15fronts/IMG_5114.htm, line 19.

[24] On AALT at http://aalt.law.uh.edu/E1/CP40no17/aCP40no17fronts/IMG_6565.htm

[25] On AALT at http://aalt.law.uh.edu/E1/CP40no21/aCP40no21fronts/IMG_5517.htm

[26] On AALT at http://aalt.law.uh.edu/E1/CP40no91/aCP40no91fronts/IMG_0346.htm

[27] The name is spelled "Lithrgreyns" on the National Archives website. Various other spellings are found in the documents.

[28] On AALT at http://aalt.law.uh.edu/E1/CP40no125/aCP40no125fronts/IMG_0566.JPG

[29] On AALT at http://aalt.law.uh.edu/E1/CP40no155/aCP40no155fronts/IMG_0287.JPG

[30] Thomas de Abberbury (various spellings) was a cleric with a wide variety of posts including service to a number of bishops and archbishops and a stint as Canon of York. See Biographical Register of the University of Oxford, v. 1, p. 2. His IPM is in CIPM, v. 4, pp. 288-89. He died May 1307.